Mediaeval Holidays
by Mark D F Shirley
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Here is a list of holidays celebrated in mediaeval times. Most
of these are from the Western Rite (a.k.a. the Roman Catholic
Church). In addition to the Catholic ceremonies listed here, there
would be a number of festivals celebrating the feast days of locally
popular saints, as well as fairs, which would have been held in
various locations throughout the year, particularly in summer.
Vigils were held on the eves of the feasts of the Apostles except
for Philip, James, and John
I have also included some of the more popular Ancient Roman festivals,
which may be of interest to magi. For example: a magus conducting
a ritual spell designed to raise the shade of a dead Roman might
only have luck during the Lemuria, the festivals in May when the
Roman dead walked. A Merinita magus trained in a strict Roman
tradition might use spells to increase the fertility of the land
on the 15th February, the Lupercalia. At the option of the storyguide,
spells might be more effective at these times.
Birthdays would not be celebrated by mediaeval people. Instead,
their saint day - that is, the feast day of the saint that they
are named after - would have greater importance to them. Magi
might well have a celebration on the day that they passed their
Apprentice's Gauntlet.
This list also includes the equinoxes and solstices, which would
be of more importance to magi and astrologers than to commoners.
The Quarter days, which lie half way in between the equinoxes
and solstices, may also be of importance - many of these have
importance in the Christian calendar as well.
Jan-Feb
Mar-Apr
Easter, and associated festivals, often occurs in this period.
See the table below, for details.
1 Mar: Matronalia, the Roman festival of Juno Lucina, was
celebrated on this day. It was a family festival, with the mistress
of the house being the central figure, receiving a present from
her husband and serving the slaves at the table.
17 Mar: Liberalia, the Roman festival in honour of Liber Pater,
god of fertility of the fields and of vines, when adolescents
first start to wear the clothing of a man.
19-23 Mar: Quinquatrus, the five days of the Spring Equinox
sacred to both Minerva & Mars in ancient Rome.
21-23 Mar: Vernal Equinox, or Ostara. The transition point
between the dark half and the light half of the year. The time
of the triumph of light over darkness.
25 Mar: Feast of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary
(a.k.a. Lady Day), in commemoration of the announcement of the
Incarnation made by the angel Gabriel to the Virgin Mary.
4-10 Apr: Ludi Megalenses, one of the six major celebrations
in Ancient Rome, when public games were held.
12-19 Apr: Ludi Cereales, one of the six major celebrations
in Ancient Rome, when public games were held.
21 Apr: Palilia, a Roman ceremony dedicated to the goddess
Pales. Purification of houses and stables, along with the livestock.
25 Apr: St Mark's Day. The Eve of St Mark (24 Apr) was a day
that many divinations were performed by rural folk.
28 Apr-3 May: Floralia, a licentious festival to Flora, Roman
goddess of the spring, and to Venus, goddess of Love. At this
time were also held the Ludi Florales, public games.
30 Apr: Walpurgisnacht, or May Eve. People light bonfires
and leap through the flames in ceremonies harking back to pagan
times.
May-Jun
1 May: May Day, Festival of Sts. Philip and Jacob the Apostles
Beltane, the second Quarter Day of the year, is celebrated
in most countries, often under than name of May Day. May Poles
are erected, and in rural areas there is a day of feasting and
celebration.
9, 11, and 13 May: Lemuria, Roma festivals to the Ghosts of
the Dead, when fathers of families scattered beans in expiation
of the dead.
23 May: a Roman rose festival in honour of Flora, goddess
of flowers
29 May: Ambarvalia, the Roman festival of Mars as a purely
agricultural deity. It was a purification festival, in which a
pig, a ram and a bull was immolated to the god.
7 June: the Vestalia was the day sacred to Vesta, Roman goddess
of Fire. Mothers of families brought plates of food to her sancturies.
21 Jun: Summer Solstice, called Litha by the Saxons, is the
mid-point of Summer. bonfires are lit on the highest points of
the land. Many fairs occur on this day
24 Jun: Feast of St. John the Baptist, or Midsummer, was the
culmination of the post-Easter festive season, whose celebrations
contained pre-Christian echoes. Popular were huge bonfires, staying
up the whole night on Midsummer's Eve, parades and military displays,
and civic processions. A vigil was held on the day before the
feast day
Jul-Aug
6-13 Jul: Ludi Apollinares, one of the six major celebrations
in Ancient Rome, when public games were held.
23 Jul: Neptunalia, a festival sacred to Neptunus, god of
the Sea. Romans would build huts of branches on this day to shelter
against the sun.
1 Aug: Feast of the Birth of St. Peter
2 Aug: Lammas - the festival of the First Harvest, loaves
made from the first corn are consecrated in church.
Lugnasad: the Third Quarter Day, and the last day of Summer.
This is the traditional time for great fairs
9 Aug: Vinalia rustica, a Roman festival to Venus.
10 Aug: St Laurence's Day, a day of vigil
15 Aug: Feast of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary,
in commemoration of the reception of the Virgin Mary into Heaven.
Because of its date, often became a harvest festival as well.
This provided a break in the heavy toil to attend diversions such
as morality and mystery plays. A vigil was held on the eve of
Assumption Day
17 Aug: Portunalia, the Roman festival dedicated to Vulcan,
as god of the River Tiber. In ancient times, human sacrifices
were offered to Vulcan on this day.
21 Aug: Consualia. In Roman times, the first part of the ceremony
to Consus, god of sowing, occuring after the harvest. Consisted
of chariot races, entertainments and dancing.
23 Aug: The Volcanalia, festivals sacred to Vulcan, the god
of the Thunderbolt and the sun.
27 Aug: Volturnalia, another festival sacred to Vulcan, this
time as god of the Tiber River.
?? Aug: Feast of the Birth of St. Paul
Sept-Oct
5-19 Sep: Ludi Romani, the Roman Annual Games, consisted of
athletic contests, especially chariot races, and were held in
honour of Jupiter.
7 Sep: Feast of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary, in
commemoration of the birth of Mary.
14 Sep: Holy Cross Day, or Holy Rood Day, the festival of
the exaltation of the cross. A day of fasting. Traditional to
go nutting on this day.
21 Sep: Autumnal Equinox, or Mabon, is the time of the Second
Harvest. It is also the transition day between light and dark
- from now on, days are getting darker.
29 Sep: Michaelmas, the Feast of St. Michael. First day of
the agricultural year, and the day that many rents were due.
31 Oct: All Hallows' Eve, or Hallowe'en: At night, ghosts
and evil spirits traditionally haunted the living. A vigil is
held all night
Nov-Dec
1 Nov: Feast of All Saints.
Samhain: the last pagan Quarter Day, this is also the time
of the Final Harvest. All animals not required for work or as
breeding stock are slaughtered for the winter. Traditionally,
the Festival of the Dead, when ancestors are remembered.
4-17 Nov: Ludi Plebeii, the Commoner's Games, were held in
Roman Times in honour of Jupiter, and consisted mainly of foot
races and theatrical entertainments.
12 Nov: St Martin's Day, traditional time for animals to be
brought in from pasture and stalled in barns, and some were slaughtered
to provide meat for the winter.
24-30 Nov: Beginning of Advent, the closest Sunday to St Andrew's
Day (30 Nov). Although technically as solemn as Lent, observations
of this fast were generally not as strict.
25 Nov: St. Catherine's Day. Very popular feast, and the traditional
time for young women to perform various rituals (such as noting
whether the shape of an apple peel allowed to fall to the floor
resembled any initial) which were believed to help foretell the
name of their future husband.
1 Dec: Bona Dea, the wife of Faunus (a.k.a. Fauna) was celebrated
in a mysterious ceremony forbidden to men, which degenerated into
an orgy.
6 Dec: St Nicholas' Day. A time for role reversal in the schools,
where one of the boys would be elected as Bishop for the day,
presiding over a court of misrule. Also a time for gifts.
13 Dec: St Lucy's Day. The Wednesday, Friday and Saturday
following St Lucy's Day were called Ember Days, days of fasting.
15 Dec: Consualia. The second ceremony of the Consualia, dedicated
to Consus, occurring after the crops have been sown. Consists
of chariot races using mules.
17-23 Dec: Saturnalia, the first of seven days of feasting
in honour of Saturn. This was a period of unrestrained festivity,
including an immense feast. Masters served slaves, and all public
activity ceased.
19 Dec: Opalia, sacred in Roman times to an ancient Sabine
deity called Ops, the personification of creative force and agricultural
fertility.
20- Dec: Winter Solstice, or Yule, a celebration of midwinter
day, which begins properly on Mother Night, the 20th December.
The main festival occurs on the solstice, and the celebrations
continue until Twelfth Night (6th Jan)
25 Dec: Christmas, the birth of Jesus Christ. A vigil is held
the night before.
26 Dec: St Stephan's Day, when lords and servants might reverse
roles, and those in service received their yearly gift of a set
of clothes or livery.
Easter and associated festivals
41 days before Easter: Shrove Tuesday, customs of wild revelry
and overindulgence that preceded the beginning of the Church's
most solemn fast the next day.
40 days before Easter: Ash Wednesday, the first day of Lent.
This forty-day period of fasting (no meat other than fish was
to be eaten, and the faithful were encouraged to go even further
in their devotion) was by far the most important period in the
medieval church--a time for introspection and acts of piety. Traditionally,
palms left over from the last Palm Sunday were burnt to produce
the ash which the priest used to mark each parishioner with the
sign of the cross. Once yearly confession became mandatory for
all Christians, they were encouraged to do it during Lent. No
marriages could take place during this period without special
dispensation.
Sunday before Easter: Palm Sunday, when the faithful would
bring "palm leaves" (usually willow, box or yew) or
rushes into the church in honour of Christ's procession into Jerusalem.
In the later Middle Ages, this evolved into an occasion of great
pageantry, with costumed parishioners representing the Prophets
processing around the churchyard along with the church's relics
and a consecrated Host in an elaborate container, carried under
a canopy.
Week starting on Palm Sunday: Holy Week
Thursday before Easter: Maundy Thursday. Great acts of charity
were often done on Maundy Thursday, and a special Mass was held
where all the candles were symbolically extinguished one by one
during the liturgy to symbolise the coming darkness of the Crucifixion.
Friday before Easter: Good Friday. On Good Friday, the people
of the parish followed the custom of "creeping to the cross"--approaching
a special cross barefoot or on one's knees to kiss its base. One
of the Hosts consecrated the night before was then placed, along
with this cross, in a special sepulchre in the north side of the
church, and a guard was placed on it until Easter morning.
Sunday after first full moon following the vernal equinox:
Easter Sunday. Falls between 22 Mar and 25 Apr
Monday after Easter: Hock Monday. The weeks following Easter
were a time of great merriment--Lent was past, and the hard work
of planting crops was over, except perhaps the planting of flax
and hemp for spinning and weeding of the fields. On Hock Monday,
the young women of the parish would capture passing men on the
streets, only releasing them after a small ransom was paid into
the parish funds. The men got their revenge the following day,
Hock Tuesday, when the custom was reversed.
Five weeks after Easter: Rogation Sunday. The parish priest,
along with the people, would "beat the bounds" - walking
around the boundaries of the parish, accompanied by handbells,
offering up prayers to insure the success of the crops; a large
session of communal drinking often ensued.
Thursday after Rogation Sunday: Ascension Day
7th Sunday after Easter: Whitsunday [a.k.a. Pentecost]. A
day of fasting, with a vigil being kept beforehand.
3 days following Whitsunday: Whitsuntide [a.k.a. Days of Solemnity]
12 weeks after Easter: Corpus Christi festival, with its focus
on the consecrated Host of the Mass; in England, this became the
traditional time for the presentation of pageants and plays commemorating
the life of Christ, often sponsored by the town guilds. Falls
from May 21 - Jun 23